True Facts: Fungi That Control The Insects They Eat

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Published 2023-04-28
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Thanks to:
Dr Carolyn Elya, Harvard Univ.
Dr Charissa de Bekker, Utrecht Univ.
Dr Maridel Fredericksen, Univ. of Basel
Dr David Hughes, Pennsylvania State Univ.
Dr John Cooley, Univ. of Connecticut
Dr João Araújo, New York Botanical Garden
Dr Michael Winding, Univ. of Cambridge
Dr Henrik H. De Fine Licht, Univ. of Copenhagen
Dr. Michael J. Raupp, Bug of the Week on YouTube:    / @bugoftheweek  
Dan Keck,    • Cicada with Massospora cicadina strug...  
Dr DeWei Li

Citations

Araújo JPM et al. Zombie-ant fungi cross continents: II. Myrmecophilous hymenostilboid species and a novel zombie lineage. Mycologia. 2020 Nov-Dec;112(6):1138-1170. doi: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1822093.

Araújo JPM et al. Zombie-ant fungi across continents: 15 new species and new combinations within Ophiocordyceps. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species. Stud Mycol. 2018 Jun;90:119-160. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.002.

Beckerson, WC. et al. 28 Minutes Later: A behavioural and transcriptomic investigation into the potential role of aflatrem-like compounds in establishing Ophiocordyceps extended phenotypes in zombie ants, bioRxiv - Animal Behavior and Cognition  2023-02-17 , DOI:10.1101/2022.09.08.507134

Cooley, J.R. et al, A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada). Sci Rep 8, 1432 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0

de Bekker C et al, 2021. Mechanisms behind the madness: how do zombie-making fungal entomopathogens affect host behavior to increase transmission? mBio 12:e01872-21, doi.org/10.1128/

De Fine Licht, HH et al. Evolutionary ecology of an obligate and behaviorally manipulating insect- pathogenic fungus, Entomophthora muscae. Authorea. March 02, 2023.
DOI: 10.22541/au.167778641.14505987/v1

de Ruiter J et al.. Fungal artillery of zombie flies: infectious spore dispersal using a soft water cannon. J R Soc Interface. 2019 Oct 31;16(159):20190448. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0448. 

Elya C et al. Robust manipulation of the behavior of Drosophila melanogaster by a fungal pathogen in the laboratory. Elife. 2018 Jul 26;7:e34414. doi: 10.7554/eLife.34414.

Fredericksen M.A et al. Three-dimensional visualization and a deep-learning model reveal complex fungal parasite networks in behaviorally manipulated ants, PNAS, November 7, 2017, 114 (47) 12590-12595, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711673114

Hou Z, et al. Sexual pair-formation in a cicada mediated by acoustic behaviour of females and positive phonotaxis of males. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 25;7(1):6453. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06825-5.

Hu, T. et al, AntVis: A web-based visual analytics tool for exploring ant movement data, Visual Informatics, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 58-70, ISSN 2468-502X, doi.org/10.1016/j.visinf.2020.02.001.

Hughes DP et al. Behavioral mechanisms and morphological symptoms of zombie ants dying from fungal infection. BMC Ecol. 2011 May 9;11:13. doi: 10.1186/1472-6785-11-13. 

Hughes DP, Libersat F. Neuroparasitology of Parasite-Insect Associations. Annu Rev Entomol. 2018 Jan 7;63:471-487. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043234.

Libersat F et al (2018) Mind Control: How Parasites Manipulate Cognitive Functions in Their Insect Hosts. Front. Psychol. 9:572. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00572

Loreto RG et al. Evidence for convergent evolution of host parasitic manipulation in response to environmental conditions. Evolution. 2018 Oct;72(10):2144-2155. doi: 10.1111/evo.13489. 

Macias, Angie et al. (2020). Evolutionary relationships among Massospora spp. (Entomophthorales), obligate pathogens of cicadas. Mycologia. 112. 1-15. 10.1080/00275514.2020.1742033.

Mangold CA, Hughes DP. Insect Behavioral Change and the Potential Contributions of Neuroinflammation-A Call for Future Research. Genes (Basel). 2021 Mar 24;12(4):465. doi: 10.3390/genes12040465. 

Mangold CA, et al. Zombie ant death grip due to hypercontracted mandibular muscles. J Exp Biol. 2019 Jul 17;222(Pt 14):jeb200683. doi: 10.1242/jeb.200683. 

Naundrup A et al, Pathogenic fungus uses volatiles to entice male flies into fatal matings with infected female cadavers. ISME J. 2022 Oct;16(10):2388-2397. doi: 10.1038/s41396-022-01284-x.

Scheffer, Louis Ket et al (2020) A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain eLife 9:e57443, doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57443

Trinh, T et al, Getting lost: the fungal hijacking of ant foraging behaviour in space and time, Animal Behaviour, Volume 181, 2021, Pages 165-184, ISSN 0003-3472, doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.09.003.

All Comments (21)
  • Every fungus video, no matter how humorous, is so freaking disturbing. Fungi are so interesting and terrifying at the same time!
  • I'd like to point out that fungi technically fulfill every requirement in order to be real-life Lovecraftian abominations.
  • @kpny8484
    It will never get old hearing you say the word "babies".
  • @NinjaRufio
    11:49 “The Last A$$ of Us” as pitched by ZeFrank would be an excellent zombie fungus B-movie 😂
  • @Zaxares
    One additional interesting fact that ZeFrank didn't mention in this video is that the carpenter ants can actually tell if one of their own is infected. If a worker finds an infected ant, it will grab the infected ant and carry it out of the hive as far away as possible before abandoning the doomed ant to its fate. (The worker that does this is still safe because the cordyceps fungus is not yet in its fruiting stage, so the infectious spores have not emerged yet.) Despite these precautions though, wind can still carry the spores back and infect more ants.
  • The students at West Virginia University who worked on the cicada fungus referred to the infected cicadas as "saltshakers of death," which is a level of description I now expect from our best and brightest minds.
  • @myriamickx7969
    Only a few weeks ago, I read in the NYT the interview of a renowned scientist or biologist, I didn’t know his name. He was asked: "What keeps you awake at night?” and replied: "Fungi.” Now I understand why.
  • @asdisskagen6487
    I don't think I've ever laughed so hard while being completely horrified... Only you, Ze Frank, only you...
  • Friendly reminder that cordyceps not interacting with the brains of their hosts means that they're effectively prisoners in bodies they can no longer control; experiencing everything the parasite is doing to them but unable to resist its influence.
  • Weirdly enough, even the reliably impeccable humor and wit of the voiceover cannot possibly dull the stomach-twisting horror of this particular topic. These visuals are truly the stuff of nightmares.
  • @pmarreck
    You took a truly horrifying corner of nature and made humor out of it. That is quite a gift you have there, ZeFrank!
  • @hansgouws6590
    I studied biochemistry and human biology. Took microbiology as an extra subject. I love science, I love nature, I love biology. I am also accustomed to a fair amount of gore having seen more than most in real life and in media. That said, Ophiocordyceps can fuck right off. Fascinating but remorselessly macabre, horrific, and disturbing beyond description. Great video Ze Frank, and thanks. I didn't want to sleep tonight anyway.
  • "Zombies are just gonna be people all hopped up on mushrooms and cocaine trying to get people to hump a powder ball that ate their junk." What a magnificent sentence. We need a movie immediately.
  • @Javydrawings
    I don't think I'll ever get tired of the "butt" and "but" mixup gag, gets me every time
  • @jubileus4597
    I hate looking at bugs. Every time I see a close-up photo of a bug, I get into a cold sweat and start feeling jumpy. However, Zefrank’s videos are just so interesting and entertaining that I, somehow, manage to overcome looking at the bugs. Edit: I still kind of hated the whole experience though.
  • @BlackGryph0n
    3:25 "They don't know who makes it, either the fly or the fungs" Crazy!! Is there a way to tell if the adhesive the fly secretes has the same chemical composition as the stuff that makes the spores sticky? Cause that might help answer the question... Also, this is truly horrifying.
  • @weaselwolf
    The horrifying thing about the way cordyceps takes direct control is that since it's not infecting the brain, the victim is essentially conscious the whole time until the final stage, but helpless to stop itself.
  • @andresg.g5594
    As a "hippie scientist" myself I can't just emphasize enough the huge research labour that Ze (et al.) does... there are more references in these videos than in half of the papers I've read last month. And they are truly a masterpiece of science communication, plus one of the most funny videos you can watch in YT. There should be a new join-category (Nobel-Oscar) for this guy (et al.). Magnificent!
  • @AsymptoteInverse
    As someone with a morbid curiosity about parasitic organisms, I didn't expect this video to unsettle me. But it did. And on top of that, it was all new information for me. Which is why I love this channel.