The Life and Death of a Neanderthal (Shanidar 1)

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Published 2023-02-22
Roughly 50,000 years ago, Shanidar 1 aka Nandy walked the earth. What can we say about the life and death of this Neanderthal?

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Sources:
Great general source for Neanderthals:
Sykes, Rebecca Wragg. Kindred. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.

Shanidar Neanderthals and their injuries:
Trinkaus, Erik, and M. R. Zimmerman. “Trauma among the Shanidar Neandertals.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 57, no. 1, 1982, pp. 61–76., doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330570108.

Churchill, Steven E., et al. “Shanidar 3 Neandertal Rib Puncture Wound and Paleolithic Weaponry.” Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 57, no. 2, 2009, pp. 163–178., doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.05.010.

Trinkaus, Erik, and Sébastien Villotte. “External Auditory Exostoses and Hearing Loss in the Shanidar 1 Neandertal.” PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 10, 2017, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186684.

Neanderthal Medicine:
Weyrich, Laura S., et al. “Neanderthal Behaviour, Diet, and Disease Inferred from Ancient DNA in Dental Calculus.” Nature, vol. 544, no. 7650, 2017, pp. 357–361., doi.org/10.1038/nature21674.

Cannibalism:
Defleur, Alban R., and Emmanuel Desclaux. “Impact of the Last Interglacial Climate Change on Ecosystems and Neanderthals Behavior at Baume Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 104, 2019, pp. 114–124., doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.01.002.

Smith, Tanya M., et al. “Wintertime Stress, Nursing, and Lead Exposure in Neanderthal Children.” Science Advances, vol. 4, no. 10, 2018, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau9483.

Diet:
Martínez Valle, Rafael, et al. “Bird Consumption in the Final Stage of Cova Negra (Xátiva, Valencia).” Quaternary International, vol. 421, 2016, pp. 85–102., doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.068.

Evins, Mary A. “The Fauna from Shanidar Cave : Mousterian Wild Goat Exploitation in Northeastern Iraq.” Paléorient, vol. 8, no. 1, 1982, pp. 37–58., doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1982.4308.

Boëda, Eric, et al. “A Levallois Point Embedded in the Vertebra of a Wild Ass (Equus Africanus): Hafting, Projectiles and Mousterian Hunting Weapons.” Antiquity, vol. 73, no. 280, 1999, pp. 394–402., doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088335.

Henry, Amanda G., et al. “Microfossils in Calculus Demonstrate Consumption of Plants and Cooked Foods in Neanderthal Diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium).” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 2, 2010, pp. 486–491., doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016868108.

Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine, et al. “Hunting and Processing of Straight-Tusked Elephants 125.000 Years Ago: Implications for Neanderthal Behavior.” Science Advances, vol. 9, no. 5, 2023, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add8186.

Art & Symbolism:
Hoffmann, D. L., et al. “U-Th Dating of Carbonate Crusts Reveals Neandertal Origin of Iberian Cave Art.” Science, vol. 359, no. 6378, 2018, pp. 912–915., doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7778.

Jaubert, J., Verheyden, S., Genty, D. et al. Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France. Nature 534, 111–114 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/nature18291

New Burial at Shanidar:
www.cam.ac.uk/stories/shanidarz




Artwork by Ettore Mazza
Additional research by Dr. Anna Goldfield

Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists.


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All Comments (21)
  • @MarkDavidIrwin
    It's miraculous to imagine what would go through Nandy's mind & heart if somehow he could know that so many thousands of years later, his descendants would be learning about him & caring about his experiences, & grateful to him for weathering all he did.
  • This is what I think of when people say, "Your ancestors have done so much just for you to be right where you at" . He survived such a horrific life. He adapted
  • @yargeht
    Getting increasingly rare to find history content that isn’t voiced by AI being fed their script! Thanks for keeping it real. Subbed
  • i am retired now, but for just over 30 years, i worked or moonlighted as a bouncer, security, and private bodyguard. in the course of my duties, i received a number of injuries that affect me even to this day. the reason i mention this is that most of my lingering injuries are to the left side of my body, just as the Neanderthal in the beginning of this video. the reason is that most people are right handed. and when confronting these people, that puts their dominant hand on the left side of my body. i'm not saying this was the definitive cause of the injury locations, but it is certainly something to consider.
  • @klatie256
    That painting of the neanderthal woman cradling the head of her homo sapiens partner as their child plays with his father took my breath away. Such kindness, tenderness, and love is a primal and ancient part of our shared lineage. It is as beautiful as it is fierce, but most of all, it is deeply human.
  • @semaj_5022
    Man, your videos were always good, but they've gotten to the point of something I'd expect from a major budget documentary from the glory days of television, yet even more nuanced, enjoyable and educational. I'm so glad to have found this channel.
  • @owencarow2344
    I had a chance to visit Shanidar cave and I was struck by the temperature difference once you step inside. From sweltering summer heat to cool and shady, and even downright cold in the inner grotto. It really made it click why early humans would take refuge there.
  • @elifaktas8128
    You’re my comfort person. When I feel stressed and overstimulated, I put my headphones on and watch your videos over and over and over again. There’s something about your voice and your knowledge that calms me down so fast. I’m so happy that you make YouTube videos. I’m grateful for you mr Milo.
  • @jLoRaineK
    I love the humanity you weave into your documentaries about humanity.🌼
  • @aschles503
    Your content is so thorough and so breathtakingly interesting. I don't have much, but here's some thanks to keep you making content. I appreciate it so much, you have no idea.
  • I think we often underestimate how intelligent and cultured pre-historical people were. They probably would know how to tourniquet his arm with a strip of leather and to apply pressure for bleeding control, which is perhaps how they could successfully amputate his arm. Also, I imagine they probably would have decorated their clothes to some extent. They might have access to a few dyes, for example, or at least decorated their clothes with markings and atains
  • Not being physically 100%, Nandi was possibly a superior logistician, or knew great recipes, or told great stories, or knew medicines or treatments, or was a fire guru, the brains behind the tribe in a hundred different ways. We won't know.
  • Stefan, your wonderful story telling brought Nandy back to life. I've enjoyed your story telling for quite some time now and each new story is richer than those you told before. Thank you very much.
  • The character of Creb from the Clan of the Cave Bear was based on this skeleton. In this narrative he was attacked by a bear in childhood and became a powerful shaman. So, that was Jean Auel’s story around his skeleton.
  • Your videos are not just educational they’re very entertaining. You make the neanderthal people come to life with the most interesting stories. I love your videos.
  • You have such a knack for bringing the past alive while sticking firmly to the evidence you present. Oh to travel back with a time machine. So fascinating. And as much entertaining as educating. Thank you for your enthusiasm.
  • A solitary wolf walking with humans? A pet? I knew a professional tiler with a forearm missing: fastest and most skilled tiler I ever saw, who made great use of his stump. I don't think too many assumptions can be made. Thanks for lovely video.
  • @5am.robert5
    8 videos in a row, this one brought a tear to my eye. You really made me feel for Nandy, bless him. Being a florist, I love the idea of flowers being used to show love and respect after death going back as far our past may have started. Peace and love
  • @NatJuno
    I recently read an article about the discovery of a skeleton discovered in Borneo. This person had lost their foot. But the way the tibia and fibula fused together at the end clearly showed that they had undergone surgery and lived for years afterward. This was 31000 years ago. It's incredible. I love these kinds of findings because they display ingenuity and compassion of humanity when we'd rather think of the people of the past as only barbaric. Without our ingenuity and compassion we'd have gone extinct long ago. I love prehistory because the humanity is so apparent. We dont get details of who or what or the story isnt distorted by who survived and how the survivors remembered it (though thats a lot of fun too), we get what we get and then the imagination runs wild. We see that people are always people and understand ourselves more as a species.