How green is fake meat, really?

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Published 2024-04-24
Meat alternatives are greener than meat, right? Well, let's look at the data. To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit www.brilliant.org/simonclark.

ERRATUM: At 8:58 we show tempeh (spelled as tempei) as having a carbon intensity of 0.5kg CO2e / gram of protein. This is incorrect, it should be 2.5kg CO2e / gram of protein.

We often hear that meat alternatives are better for the environment. To test that, I look at the carbon footprint, land use, and other environmental metrics of the major meat substitutes and compared them to beef, chicken, pork, and mutton. The result may surprise you!

Thanks to Dr Ritchie for coming on the channel! Check out her work here: hannahritchie.com/

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NUMBERED REFERENCES can be found on my website: www.simonoxfphys.com/blog/2024/4/23/references-for-how-great-is-fake-meat-really

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Music by Epidemic Sound: nebula.tv/epidemic
Some stock footage courtesy of Getty.
Editor: Luke Negus.
Research assistant: Pierre Constantin Emmanuel Canet.

How green are meat substitutes? Is fake meat actually good for the environment? Do tofu, beyond meat burgers, quorn, and soy protein have lower carbon emissions than chicken, beef, and pork? In this video I look through the literature and talk to a world expert on the intersection between food and climate.

Huge thanks to my supporters on Patreon:
Norm Zemke, Whitefang, David Mann, Jilbin George, Ben Thayer, Eric A Gentzler, Glen Monks, Daniel Chen, Gary Stark, Cifer, dryfrog, Marcus Bosshard, bitreign33.

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All Comments (21)
  • @benross9174
    When people say thing like soy is bad for the enviroment, they usually dont know that around 70 percent of it is produced to feed animals in agriculture. Its like complaining about the water usage of almond nuts when cow milk is way worse in that department. Appreciate the video though, its good hearing your perspective and what a lot of the data says
  • @neller1995
    I like when "moderately better than pork" for tofu is still 4-5 times as much. The only reason pork doesn't look atrocious is because of the skew of the beef being catastrophically bad.
  • @Conus426
    we should just make an infinite water pool with 2 buckets and make minecraft wheat for everyone
  • interesting watching this as someone from South East Asia, where Tempeh and tofu are basically the main protein source over things like beef, which are way more expensive.
  • @alexreid1173
    I grew up a vegetarian in the 2000s prior to the existence of brands like Impossible, Beyond Meat, Gardein, etc. I’ve tried all of them, but they’ve never become a staple part of my diet. They’re too expensive, and my diet just isn’t based on replacing animal products. I’m happy to eat the less processed options all day long. Tempeh is so underrated
  • @SBrown94
    13:50 the idea that intensive vs. non-intensive farming of chickens is just a tradeoff between environment and animal welfare is a little misleading - the intensive farms often have worse water pollution, local air pollution etc., and crucially much higher risk of creating zoonotic diseases
  • @tim_mueller
    7:00 for everyone looking 1. Crumble Tofu in a Bowl 2. Mix with Oil, Salt, Pepper, Paprika and a lot of Soy Sauce 3. Roast in the oven for 10 minutes at 180°C
  • @jippiijajee
    If any other non-English speaker is struggling, here is a dictionary: beef - cow mutton - sheep poultry - birds like chicken pork - pig
  • 4:59 it is absolutely tragic that dark chocolate is that high on the list. It's so good.
  • I've been (mostly) vegan/vegitarian for the past almost 3 years. Never once have I questioned fake meats. So when I saw this video's title, I got worried, thought I'd have to re-redefine my diet... So I'm glad to hear my efforts were not in vain. Time to find out where I can get Tempeh
  • @filososabke
    Interesting to see lentils and peas being clearly indicated as a protein source. When I was young my parents just considered them a vegetable and put a sausage next to them. Glad to see they can actually replace the sausage.
  • @PotatoMcWhiskey
    Great video Simon! Really enjoying the new style and cadence of videos!
  • @scottstw456
    As a picky eater I eat Tofu, tempeh, Seitan, beans and peas for protein and it works great and doesn't hold back my cooking at all.
  • One other issue with many "fake meats" is that, outside your own home (where you have nutrition labels), it can be really difficult to know exactly what they're made of from an allergen perspective. For example, the fake meat that was glutinous protein from wheat, well, that's a coeliac's worst nightmare, but not obvious from the name. The fungus one (Quorn I think?) also was said to be grown from wheat. For people with allergies and intolerances, including a lot of folks with IBS, meat is a very "safe" option from a risk-avoidance standpoint. To make these fake meats accessible, we need to make sure their actual ingredients are available to all consumers. Just putting "Beyond Burger (TM)" on your menu won't give somebody with a soy allergy any idea on if it's actually safe for them to eat or not!
  • @DanLokar
    This video couldn't come at a better time for me! I'm switching my diet and I need to understand exactly how to make my diet more sustainable by cutting out completely meat products and not miss out on important nutrients. Thank you Simon
  • A key point to the behavioral change is that you don't have to completely alter your diet for it to have an impact. Reducing your meat consumption by 50% will still be a significant reduction in the greenhouse emissions from your food. This is what I tell my meat-loving friends and family: you don't have to quit meat, just make it more of a luxury. In fact, this is how it used to be in rich countries not too long ago. We have doubled our meat consumption in a couple of decades so we'd just have to go back. That probably means making meat more expensive (nothing like the old monetary behavioral nudge) through taxes. It will force a bunch of beef herd farmers to change up what they produce, but that's by design. Great video, Simon! This surge of yours after the "I'm not sure if I can keep doing this" is really impressive, and I sincerely hope it pays off. Everyone should watch your climate coverage!
  • Was secretly hoping you would make a video like this haha. Been vegetarian for almost 10 years and I often feel like my faux meat indulgences aren’t that good on the environment. Thank you for the explanation and science behind it all!
  • @Atchikaru
    19:20 the greggs roll being a class of meat should be officially documented somewhere
  • I couldn't eat a kilo of tempeh in one sitting but i could handle mushroom. the future replacement of meat to me is definitely mushroom. It's easy to farm once you got all the setup.